Thyroid Ultrasound

Thyroid ultrasound is a type of imaging examination that investigates the health of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck, in the front, and is the most important organ for regulating metabolism by producing thyroid hormones. Usually, thyroid ultrasound is a standard procedure during an endocrinology consultation.

What is thyroid ultrasound?

Thyroid ultrasound is a non-invasive and painless imaging investigation method that uses ultrasound to obtain detailed images of the thyroid gland, allowing real-time detection of anomalies such as inflammation, cysts, nodules, or tumors. It is used for early diagnosis of thyroid conditions, including thyroid cancer. It is often used in combination with other tests and examinations (hormone tests, MRI or CT scans, biopsy) to obtain a comprehensive picture of the patient's thyroid health.

When is thyroid ultrasound recommended?

Thyroid ultrasound is performed at the recommendation of a specialist endocrinologist after they have already conducted a palpation examination in the following situations:

• If the palpation examination indicates that the patient has thyroid nodules;
• For the detection and evaluation of cysts or other lesions;
• To investigate the thyroid gland in cases of symptoms such as neck swelling, pain, thyroid goiter, or changes in thyroid function;
• As a screening method for individuals with risk factors for thyroid conditions: family history of thyroid diseases, autoimmune diseases, low iodine diet, radiation exposure;
• In pregnant women and during menopause, when the body undergoes hormonal changes;
• When the patient presents symptoms associated with thyroid dysfunction: hair loss, insomnia, fatigue, depression, weight changes, menstrual disorders, swallowing difficulties, etc.;
• When the patient has abnormal TSH test results;
• During thyroid gland biopsy when the ultrasound machine's transducer is used to provide real-time images to the doctor performing the fine needle aspiration;

How to prepare for thyroid ultrasound

As a non-invasive procedure, thyroid ultrasound does not require special preparation in advance. The patient can eat and drink normally on the day of the procedure. However, a patient scheduled for a thyroid ultrasound can prepare as follows:

• Check with the imaging center for specific requirements;
• Do not apply cosmetics to the neck area;
• Inform the doctor about any medications being taken;
• Wear loose-fitting clothing that can be easily removed;
• Pregnant patients or those who suspect they may be pregnant should inform the performing doctor;

Conducting the thyroid ultrasound procedure

Thyroid ultrasound is a relatively simple procedure during which the patient should not experience significant discomfort. During the procedure, the patient lies on the examination bed with a pillow or towel rolled under the neck to stretch it and provide a better view of the thyroid gland. The doctor applies a special gel and moves the ultrasound machine's transducer, which emits ultrasound waves. The images obtained by the transducer are displayed on the ultrasound machine's monitor and can be analyzed as the examination progresses. Measurements of the thyroid gland's dimensions are taken, and the internal structure is examined to detect nodules, cysts, or other changes. Additionally, blood flow in the thyroid area is examined.

Interpreting the results of thyroid ultrasound

The results of thyroid ultrasound are interpreted either by the radiologist performing the examination or by the endocrinology specialist who requested the ultrasound.

Depending on the measurements taken, the results of thyroid ultrasound are crucial in diagnosing and evaluating the following characteristics of the thyroid gland:

• Analysis of the size and shape of the thyroid gland indicates whether the recorded values are normal for the patient's age and sex;
• Examination of the internal structure of the thyroid gland can lead to the detection of structural changes, such as nodules or cysts. Nodule characteristics (size, shape, margins, and consistency) are evaluated, and it is determined whether the thyroid gland shows features suggestive of malignancy, such as calcifications or irregular margins;
• The vascularization of the thyroid gland is analyzed because the presence of tumors can affect blood flow;

Based on the results of thyroid ultrasound, the endocrinologist may request additional tests and examinations. For example, in the case of nodules, the doctor may recommend a biopsy to determine whether it is benign or malignant. For the same purpose, the doctor may request other imaging investigations (MRI or CT scans). The interpretation of thyroid ultrasound varies depending on the clinical context and the patient's symptoms. Patients should consult with a specialist endocrinologist who can provide an accurate interpretation and suggest next steps, such as further investigations or a treatment plan.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does a thyroid ultrasound take?

Thyroid ultrasound is a relatively simple imaging examination that generally takes between 15 and 30 minutes. The duration may vary depending on the complexity of the case.

Is thyroid ultrasound painful?

Thyroid ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging procedure without ionizing radiation, painless, and does not require the use of contrast agents. If the patient experiences any discomfort during the examination, they should immediately inform the doctor.

What types of conditions can thyroid ultrasound detect?

Thyroid ultrasound can lead to the detection of various thyroid gland conditions, including:

• Thyroid nodules and thyroid cysts;
• Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland);
• Thyroid adenoma (benign tumor);
• Malignant tumors - which may indicate thyroid cancer. Additional tests (biopsy and other supplementary tests) are needed for this diagnosis;
• Malformations and structural anomalies of the thyroid gland;
• Thyroid lipoma;
• Thyroid goiter (enlarged thyroid gland);

Risks and considerations of thyroid ultrasound

Thyroid ultrasound is a non-invasive procedure that does not involve radiation and generally carries no risks. It is well tolerated even by vulnerable patient groups, such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly.

Any patient experiencing symptoms associated with thyroid gland conditions should undergo a thyroid ultrasound. The quality of the ultrasound machine and the competence of the radiologist performing the procedure determine the accuracy of the results. Therefore, patients should seek an imaging center where they can receive the highest quality services.

References

• National Library of Medicine
• mountsinai.org