Paraplegia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

Paraplegia: causes, symptoms, and treatment options

Paraplegia is a form of paralysis that affects the lower half of the body, primarily the legs, but sometimes also the pelvic region and abdomen. Simply put, paraplegia involves the inability to move or feel both legs and, in some cases, the lower part of the abdomen.^[1] In this article, we will discuss its causes, symptoms, as well as the current treatment options available!

Classification of paraplegia

There are several types of paraplegia. Depending on its severity, it can be classified as:

• Incomplete paraplegia - the patient retains partial motor or sensory function below the level of injury; the degree of impairment can vary greatly from person to person;
• Complete paraplegia - represents a total loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level; the patient cannot move their legs at all and has no sensation in this area.^[2]

Depending on how the muscles are affected, there is:

• Flaccid paraplegia - where the muscles lose tone and cannot contract;
• Spastic paraplegia - where the muscles are stiff and exhibit uncontrolled contractions and spasms.^[2]

Causes of paraplegia

The most common cause of paraplegia is spinal cord injury. These can occur as a result of a car accident or fall, a penetrating injury (e.g., from stabbing, gunshot), or after other traumatic spinal cord injuries.^[2]

Other causes of paraplegia include:

• spinal cord tumors;
• syringomyelia (a condition characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled cavity in the spinal cord);
• autoimmune or inflammatory diseases (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, or transverse myelitis);
• congenital spinal disorders (e.g., spina bifida);
• spinal cord infections;
• stroke;
• cerebral palsy;
• genetic conditions (e.g., hereditary spastic paraplegia).^[1][2][3]

Risk factors for paraplegia

There are several risk factors for paraplegia, including:

• a family history of nervous system disorders;
• a personal history of cancer;
• participation in certain sports (e.g., gymnastics, diving, contact sports such as wrestling, boxing, etc.).^[3]

Symptoms of paraplegia

Paraplegia is a complex condition that can present with a variety of symptoms, depending on the severity of the injury. These may include:

• loss of mobility;
• loss of sensation in the lower half of the body;
• chronic pain;
• "phantom pain" in the paralyzed area;
• bladder and bowel dysfunction;
• weight gain;
• high blood pressure;
• depression;
• sexual dysfunctions;
• bedsores or pressure ulcers.^[1][2][3]

Paraplegia symptoms may also vary depending on the affected area of the spine. For example, a spinal cord injury in the thoracic region may result in complete paraplegia, loss of bladder and bowel control, coughing problems, and difficulty breathing deeply, while an injury involving the sacral region is more likely to cause incomplete paraplegia.^[2]

Complications of paraplegia

Over time, paraplegia can lead to various problems and complications. One of these is spasticity, which can be characterized by hypertonia (increased muscle tone), muscle spasms, rapid muscle contractions, stiffness, and abnormal tendon reflexes.

Other potential complications of paraplegia include:

• constipation;
• incontinence;
• muscle weakness;
• digestive problems;
• infections.^[1][3]

Treatment options for paraplegia

Treatment for paraplegia is complex and involves a multidisciplinary approach. While there is no way to cure paraplegia, in some cases, patients can regain some control over the affected areas. Treatments focus on managing symptoms, preventing secondary complications, and improving quality of life.^[1][2][3]

Physical therapy is often a key component of treatment. Through specialized exercises, it helps reduce pain, increase muscle strength, and prevent muscle atrophy. In the same context, occupational therapy is essential in helping people with paraplegia adapt to performing daily tasks, thereby promoting independence.^[1][2][3]

Mobility devices, such as wheelchairs and electric scooters, play an important role in maintaining and improving mobility. Prescription medications are also used to manage symptoms, including pain, muscle spasms, and the risk of blood clots. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat symptoms, improve mobility, or enhance the patient’s overall health.^[1][2][3]

Treatment for paraplegia is tailored to each patient’s case and symptoms and may change over time. For detailed explanations and personalized recommendations, it is best to schedule a specialist consultation and discuss with a doctor the appropriate solutions for your specific needs.

The effects of paraplegia can vary significantly from person to person, depending on the severity of the injury, as well as other factors. Symptoms may change or worsen over time, and various complications may arise. However, it is important to note that there are solutions for managing these symptoms and potential complications, which can help maintain a high level of independence. Recovery from paraplegia is a long and complex process that requires patience and perseverance. With the help of a multidisciplinary team of specialists and a personalized rehabilitation plan, many people with paraplegia can achieve a significantly improved quality of life.

References:

1. Kandola, Aaron. "Everything You Need to Know about Paraplegia", Medical News Today, 6 May 2020. Accessed on 24 Sept. 2024.
2. "Paraplegia: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment", Cleveland Clinic, 15 Aug. 2022. Accessed on 24 Sept. 2024.
3. S. Srakocic. "Understanding Paraplegia", Healthline, 3 May 2021. Accessed on 24 Sept. 2024.